The tomato resistance gene Bs4 suppresses leaf watersoaking phenotypes induced by AvrHah1, a transcription activator-like effector from tomato-pathogenic xanthomonads.

The Xanthomonas transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein AvrBs3 transcriptionally activates the executor-type resistance (R) gene Bs3 from pepper (Capsicum annuum), thereby triggering a hypersensitive cell death reaction (HR). AvrBs3 also triggers an HR in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) upon recognition by the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) R protein Bs4. Whether the executor-type R protein Bs3 and the NLR-type R protein Bs4 use common or distinct signalling components to trigger an HR remains unclear. CRISPR/Cas9-mutagenesis revealed, that the immune signalling node EDS1 is required for Bs4- but not for Bs3-dependent HR, suggesting that NLR- and executor-type R proteins trigger an HR via distinct signalling pathways. CRISPR/Cas9-mutagenesis also revealed that tomato Bs4 suppresses the virulence function of both TALEs, the HR-inducing AvrBs3 protein and of AvrHah1, a TALE that does not trigger an HR in tomato. Analysis of AvrBs3- and AvrHah1-induced host transcripts and disease phenotypes in CRISPR/Cas9-induced bs4 mutant plants indicates that both TALEs target orthologous transcription factor genes to promote disease in tomato and pepper host plants. Our studies display that tomato mutants lacking the TALE-sensing Bs4 protein provide a novel platform to either uncover TALE-induced disease phenotypes or genetically dissect components of executor-triggered HR.

Infecciones importadas por inmigrantes y viajeros: resultados de la Red Cooperativa para el estudio de las Enfermedades Importadas por Inmigrantes y Viajeros +Redivi / Imported diseases by immigrants and travellers: Results from the Cooperative Network for the study of Imported Diseases by Immigrants and Travellers +Redivi

Introducción: Las enfermedades importadas por viajeros e inmigrantes son un objeto prioritario en la prevención de la emergencia de las enfermedades infecciosas en el siglo xxi. Existen registros internacionales sobre patología importada, pero en España no hay un sistema similar. Material y métodos En 2009 se crea la red cooperativa +Redivi, formada por 14 centros sanitarios nacionales. +Redivi recoge datos demográficos, relativos al viaje/inmigración y al proceso infeccioso en formularios informatizados. Resultados Desde enero de 2009 a octubre de 2011 se registran 4.570 pacientes y se describen los principales datos demográficos (edad, sexo, presencia de inmunosupresión), relativos al viaje (destino, duración, tiempo en acudir a consulta desde la llegada del viaje) o al proceso migratorio (país de procedencia, tiempo en acudir a consulta desde la llegada a España), medidas preventivas realizadas (solicitud de consejo previaje, indicación de quimioprofilaxis antimalárica, fármaco utilizado y si se hizo correctamente), motivo de consulta y diagnósticos finales de viajeros, inmigrantes e inmigrantes que viajan. Así mismo, se describen en los 3 grupos los diagnósticos más frecuentes en los pacientes asintomáticos que acudieron a realizarse un examen de salud (..) (AU)

Introduction: Imported diseases by travellers and immigrants are a priority in the prevention of emerging infectious diseases in the 21st century. There are international records on imported diseases, but no such records are available in Spain. Material and methods: The cooperative network +Redivi was created in 2009 and consists of 11 national healthcare centres. +Redivi collects demographic data relating to travel/migration and infectious diseases in brief, computerised forms. Results: From January 2009 to October 2011, we collected 4,570 patients and recorded the main demographic data (age, sex, presence of immunosuppressant), travel data (destination, duration, time between the return trip and the consultation) and data regarding the migratory process (country of origin, time between the arrival in Spain and the first consultation), as well as preventive measures that have been taken (pre-travel advice, need for malaria chemoprophylaxis, drug that was used and whether it was correct), the reason for coming to the consultation, and (..) (AU)

[Imported diseases by immigrants and travellers: results from the Cooperative Network for the study of Imported Diseases by Immigrants and Travellers +Redivi]. / Infecciones importadas por inmigrantes y viajeros: resultados de la Red Cooperativa para el estudio de las Enfermedades Importadas por Inmigrantes y Viajeros +Redivi.

INTRODUCTION: Imported diseases by travellers and immigrants are a priority in the prevention of emerging infectious diseases in the 21st century. There are international records on imported diseases, but no such records are available in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cooperative network +Redivi was created in 2009 and consists of 11 national healthcare centres. +Redivi collects demographic data relating to travel/migration and infectious diseases in brief, computerised forms. RESULTS: From January 2009 to October 2011, we collected 4,570 patients and recorded the main demographic data (age, sex, presence of immunosuppression), travel data (destination, duration, time between the return trip and the consultation) and data regarding the migratory process (country of origin, time between the arrival in Spain and the first consultation), as well as preventive measures that have been taken (pre-travel advice, need for malaria chemoprophylaxis, drug that was used and whether it was correct), the reason for coming to the consultation, and final diagnoses of the travellers, immigrants and immigrants-travellers. Likewise, the most frequent diagnoses of asymptomatic patients who came for a check-up are described for each of the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The +Redivi network allows us to identify and quantify the geographical origin and the type of patients affected, as well as time pattern of infections imported by migrants and travellers. Preliminary data show the significant presence of transmissible diseases and the potential reintroduction in Spain, as well as the importance of systematic screening in patients that came from tropical areas. The objective of +Redivi is to evaluate the impact of imported diseases in Spain in order to contribute to improving the care of patients, to have an influence on prevention and treatment of the most prevalent imported diseases, and to detect possible outbreaks.